Newton considered Space Absolute.

Einstein considered Space Relative.

What’s the difference between Absolute Space and Relative Space?

Absolute Space is a Box (1)



The Earth and the Moon are located in Absolute Space (2)



Absolute Space is partially filled with contents, partially empty (3)



But Einstein didn’t believe in the Existence of Empty Space.

He wrote: „On the basis of the general theory of relativity, space as opposed to "what fills space“ has no separate existence.“

And in other words: All Space is Full Space.

Where we assume to be Empty Space, there is instead No Space (4)



Therefore, Relative Space looks like this (5) Note: The Line between/beyond the Earth and the Moon describes the Radiation/Energy/Matter in the Vacuum.



Newton Space is a Box, but Einstein Space is a Skin (6)




Think of Space, how you conceptualize it, the Big Box everything is in. You got that? Okay, that’s what Space is not. Now try and conceptualize the Cosmic Density, the Density itself, almost like a Skin around its Contents. That is Space. And that is the difference between Absolute Space and Relative Space. The True Space is the Cosmic Density.

What does Density measure?

In Absolute Space it measures: A Material Density (7)



Mass/Energy condenses and dilutes in Absolute Space.

In Relative Space it measures: The Density of Space itself. That is: A Spatial Density (8)



Relative Space condenses and dilutes with its Contents.

Mass/Energy is not condensing and diluting in Space (Newton logic), but: Space is condensing and diluting with the Mass/Energy (Einstein logic).

Density measures Space, not Mass. (The Cosmic Spatiality, not Materiality) (9)



Relative Space has an Absolute Material Density (it’s 100 % filled with Mass/Energy, 0 % empty of it). The Intergalactic Vacuum has the same Material Density as the Black Hole, they’re both 100 % materially dense, because what you picture as Empty Space doesn’t exist. Instead, Space itself varies its Density. The Black Hole has a higher Spatial Density (it’s condensed Space) than the intergalactic Vacuum (which is diluted Space). Not Mass condenses in Absolute Space (Newton Logic) but Space itself condenses with its Contents (Einstein Logic).

Whenever Mass/Energy condenses, Space condenses (10)



Whenever Mass/Energy dilutes, Space dilutes (11)



Which shows that Space has a Dynamic Shape.

Space condenses (squeezes) and dilutes (stretches) with its Contents (12)



Let’s replace the verbs „condense“ and „dilute“.

When Space condenses, we could say: it contracts.

Whenever Mass/Energy condenses, Space contracts (13)



When Space dilutes, we could say: it expands.

Whenever Mass/Energy dilutes, Space expands (14)



Which shows that Space is expanding and contracting with its contents (15)



Density measures Space, which means that any change in Density indicates a change in the Spatial Measures. When a Star becomes a Black Hole, its Mass condenses, therefore Space condenses, and in other words: Space contracts. When a Star becomes a Supernova, its Mass dilutes, therefore Space dilutes, and in this case: Space expands. Since the Relative Volume - in contrast to the Absolute Volume - doesn’t exist in absence of its material contents, every phase change necessarily involves a change in the Measures of Space: Whenever a Body condenses, the Volume squeezes (along with its Contents) and Space contracts. When a Body dilutes, the Volume stretches (along with its Contents) and Space expands.

Let’s have a look at Gravity!

Newtonian Gravity acts between Masses (16)



All Masses attract each other in Absolute Space.

But how do they do it? Einstein found the answer.

He said that Space is Curved. As Space curves under its Mass, all Masses attract each other in Curved Space.

Therefore, Einsteinian Gravity acts between Spatial Masses (17). (The „Spatial“ is important because Space, through its curvature, produces Gravity in the first place.)



Cosmic Mechanics proposes a slightly modified Gravity.

Gravity acts absolutely on all Masses, but it does so with a relative degree. The greater the mass, the stronger the gravitational pull, i.e. the higher the relative degree of the gravitational force.

For Newton: The Relativity is an Aspect of Mass.

He concludes: All Masses attract each other relatively.

For Einstein, and also for us: The Relativity is an Aspect of Space.

And we conclude: All Spaces attract each other relatively.

Gravity acts between Spaces (or Places).

To paraphrase Newton: All places attract each other with a force that is directly proportional to the product of their masses.

As the Places attract each other, so do the Masses in them.

Within Cosmic Mechanics, Gravity acts between Massed Spaces (18)



All Masses attract each other relatively - i.e. with a relative amount, the Sun attracts the Earth stronger than the Earth the Sun -, and this Relativity is an Aspect of Space. Logically, it must be the Spaces that attract each other relatively. The more Mass a Place carries, the stronger it attracts all other Places. As the Places attract each other, so do their Masses. The Earth’s Place gravitates toward the Sun’s Place, resulting in the Earth’s Mass gravitating toward the Sun’s Mass. But Gravity acts between Spaces, only indirectly between Masses.

All Places move toward each other under their Mass.

All Places in the Universe carry Mass (more precisely Energy, but Mass and Energy are equivalent).

Therefore, All Places in the Universe are moving toward each other.

Which means that Space as a whole is Contracting.

Space is contracting under its Mass (19)



The more Mass a Place carries, the more all surrrounding Space will contract towards it.

Space is Expanding, but at the same time it’s Contracting.

The Expansion of Space and the Contraction of Space are in Exact Balance (20)



Space is clearly expanding, but we propose that it’s contracting at the same time. Eddington writes: „According to relativity theory the complete field of force contains besides the ordinary Newtonian attraction a repulsive (scattering) force varying directly as the distance. (..) When more matter is inserted, the mutual gravitation tends to hold the mass together and opposes the expansion. The more matter put in, the slower the expansion.“ Note that within Cosmic Mechanics the Contraction originates - just like the Expansion - from Space itself. „There will be a particular density at which the Newtonian attraction between the galaxies is just strong enough to counterbalance the cosmical repulsion, so that the expansion is zero. This is Einstein’s universe. If we put in still more matter, attraction outweighs repulsion and we obtain a model of a contracting universe.“ The Mass-induced Contraction of Space counterbalances the Expansion of Space. „An Einstein universe is in equilibrium, but its equilibrium is unstable. The Newtonian attraction and the cosmical repulsion are in exact balance.“ For us, however, the Newtonian Attraction is a Spatial Contraction, the counterpart to the Spatial Expansion we’re observing. The Spatial Attraction and the Spatial Repulsion are in exact balance.

What is the Big Bang Theory based on?

You're saying it’s based on the Observation that Space is expanding?

Because that’s not true.

The Big Bang Theory is not based on the Observation that Space is expanding.

Instead, it’s based on the Assumption that Space is growing.

We assume Expanding Space to be Growing Space.

Space is growing forward, so it must be shrinking backward, all the way until we reach a single point in Space and Time where it all began.

This Event is called the Big Bang.

Unfortunately, we do not know if Space is growing, and we do not observe it.

We only observe that Space is expanding.

So why do we assume that Space is growing?

Absolute Space is growing when it’s expanding.

But Relative Space isn’t.

Why isn’t it?

That’s because only Absolute Space has regular measures (21)



All Units of Space are alike (they have the exact same measures, or for simplicity’s sake: length)

When regular Space is expanding, it’s getting „bigger“, it used to be „smaller“, and there must have been a Big Bang.

Relative Space, however, doesn't have regular measures.

It has irregular measures (22)



The Measure (or Length) of Space variies with the Spatial Density.

The higher the Density, the more Space is contracted, the „shorter“ it becomes.

The lower the Density, the more Space is expanded, the „longer“ it becomes.

When irregular Space is expanding, it’s only getting „longer“, not „bigger“.

Absolute Space is expanding by Size (23)



Relative Space is expanding by Shape (24)



Only Absolute Space is getting bigger as it expands.

Relative Space is expanding, but it’s not getting bigger, and it never was any smaller.

Within Cosmic Mechanics, the Big Bang didn’t happen.

What does it mean that Relative Space is irregular? We’re going to look into this in more detail. Let’s imagine all Energy distributed equally throughout Space. In fact, just imagine the supposed primordial soup. It would look like this (25).

Now we’re going to introduce a Measurement Unit (highly abstract) which we call Space Points. The Space Points describe the Measures of Space. If all Mass is distributed equally throughout Space, Space is homogeneous or regular. The Space Points have regular intervals (indicating: regular measures) (26).

Let’s imagine we form a body out of this energy soup. We condense the energy in Space, yes? How does it affect Space? In Absolute Space, it doesn’t. Energy condenses in Space but Space itself remains unaffected. The Space Points keep their regular interval (27).

But in Relative Space along with the Energy, Space will condense. The Space Points condense along with the Energy (28).

The Space Points are now at a shorter interval (indicating: irregular measures).
Absolute Space is getting bigger when it’s expanding, because it has regular measures (29).

But Relative Space has irregular measures so it’s only expanding, not growing (30).

Black Hole Space is much denser/narrower (or for simplicity’s sake: shorter) than Vacuum Space which in return is thinner/wider (or: longer). Relative Space is only stretching, not growing, and if Space is not growing, then there never was a Big Bang.

Why is Space expanding then?

Cosmic Mechanics provides a different answer to this question.

We propose that Space is running on an Operating System.

That Operating System is called Mode.

Space is running on Mode.

Space is the Universe’s Static (31)



Mode is the Universe’s Dynamic (32)



The Spatial Static is running on a Modal Dynamic (33)



The Earth’s Statics are in the Macrostatic, called Space (34)



The Earth’s Dynamics are in the Macrodynamic, called Mode (35)



Space is not absolute, but relative (36)



Mode isn’t absolute either, it, too, is relative (37)



The Earth is statically in Space, dynamically in Mode, statically-dynamically in the Universe (38)



Space + Mode = Universe (39)



How can we imagine Mode? Imagine the Motion of the Earth in the Universe, can you imagine that? And now we deduct Space, i.e. we deduct the Earth’s Statics. What do we get? Chances are you’re saying: we get nothing. But within Cosmic Mechanics that’s not true. Instead, by deducting the Earth’s Statics we isolate the Earth’s Dynamics, that is: pure dynamics, pervading all of Space, like a current, or power, or a web, how about an Oscillating Web, and the entire Web is oscillating on the spot. Every point in this web would be a stationary, or standing oscillation, a quantum of strength embedded into the very fabric of Space. As the Earth’s Static moves around in Space, the Earth’s Dynamic - a dynamic state of the Oscillating Web - moves around in Mode. All Mass is moving through this Stationary Dynamic, the Oscillating Web, and in every point of Space there is a Standing Oscillation tied to the Mass. And this is our interpretation of the Wave-Particle-Dualism.

Let’s have a look at the Wave-Particle-Dualism.

Eddington calls the Phenomenon a Wavicle.

On the one hand, the Wavicle is a Wave.

On the other hand, it’s a Particle.

The Wavicle’s Static is the Particle (40)



The Wavicle’s Dynamic is the Wave (41)



The Phenomenon is a Wave-Particle, or Wavicle (42)



The Particle is in Space (43)



The Wave is in Mode (44)



The Dual Wavicle is in the Universe (45)



The Wave-Particle-Dualism describes the real Duality of the Phenomenon (46)



The Phenomenon’s Static and Dynamic are - as Bohr said - complementary.

Let’s move to a larger scale.

Every Phenomenon - this was shown by De Broglie - is a Wavicle.

The Phenomenon’s Static is Mass (47)



The Phenomenon’s Dynamic is Oscillation (48)



The Dual Phenomenon is Energy (49)



All Energy is made of Mass and Oscillation.

The Energy’s Mass is passively moved (50)



The Energy’s Oscillation is actively moving (51)



And the Dual Energy is in Motion (52)



The greater the Energy’s Mass, the greater its Passivity (or Inertia) (53)



The stronger the Energy’s Oscillation, the greater its Activity (or Motion) (54)



The Particle-like Mass is tied to a Wave-like Oscillation, and together they form the Wavicle-like Energy. Mass is granular or discontinuous (quantized), Oscillation is fluent or continuous, and Energy is both. It’s statically discontinuous and dynamically continuous. The more we condense the Energy, the more it will appear as Mass in Space. Mass is condensed Energy. The more we dilute the Energy, the more it will appear as Oscillation in Mode. Oscillation is diluted Energy. There is a direct relationship between the Measures of Space and the Energy’s Form which is expressed by Einstein’s formula E=mc^2: „Energy“ (associated with diluted Space) and „Mass“ (associated with condensed Space) are convertible. Strong Oscillation in „Thin“ Space on the one hand (e.g. Radiation), and Weak Oscillation in Dense Space on the other hand (e.g. Solids), are the two ends of the Dual Energy’s Spectrum.

The Energy’s Static is in Space.

The Wavelength measures Space (55)



The Energy’s Dynamic is in Mode.

The Frequency measures Mode (56)



The Dual Energy is in the Universe.

Frequency and Wavelength measure the Universe (57)



The Product of Frequency and Wavelength is constant (f x λ = c).

Therefore, the Product of Mode (measured with the Frequency) and Space (measured with the Wavelength) is constant.

Space x Mode = Universe.

Frequency and Wavelength are antiproportional.

Therefore, Space and Mode are antiproportional.

Within Cosmic Mechanics, this is called the Cosmic Antiproportionality (58)



If the Wavicle had an Infinite Wavelength, it would be (perfectly passive) in Ideal Space (59)



But the Wavicle has a Finite Wavelength and is (only partially passive) in Cosmic Space (60)



The Wavelength measures the Energy’s Spatial Presence or Spatiality (61)



If the Wavicle had an Infinite Frequency, it would be (perfectly active) in Ideal Mode (62)



But it has a Finite Frequency and is (only partially active) in Cosmic Mode (63)



The Frequency measures the Energy’s Modal Presence or Modality (64)



Together the Frequency and the Wavelength measure the Dual Energy in the Universe (65)



Modal Presence (f) x Spatial Presence (λ) = Cosmic Presence (c)

All Energy is relatively in Mode, relatively in Space and absolutely in the Universe (66)



Upon removing the Phenomenon, we isolate the Cosmic Duality (67)



The Universe is the Duality of Mode and Space.

Herein lies for us the true meaning of the Absolute Constant that is the Speed of Light. It ties together Space and Mode in a particular way. A certain amount of Space (Extensity, or Distance) is tied to a certain amount of Mode (Intensity, or Power, i.e.: Oscillating Power of the Web). The loooonger the Space, the shorter the Period, the shorter the Space, the looooonger the Period. The Density of the Volume (Space) and the Speed of the Period (Mode) are inversely proportional. The more we expand Space (the thinner it gets), the more we contract Mode below (the faster it gets). The more we contract Space (the denser it gets), the more we expand Mode (the slower it gets). All Energy appears Statically in Space (with a Relative Inertia), Dynamically in Mode (with a Relative Agitation) and Dually in the Dual Universe.

What is Time?

Within Cosmic Mechanics, Time is but the Abstract Term for Mode.

Concrete Mode = Abstract Time.

We conclude that Space and Time are antiproportional.

The Denser Space, the Slower Time. The Less Dense Space, the Faster Time.

Cosmic Mechanics proposes that Space itself - only indirectly Mass - decelerates Time.

Space decelerates Time relatively, with the absolute amount of its Mass.

Space is the Cosmic Volume that varies its Density, or Static Measure (68)



Mode is the Cosmic Period that varies its Speed, or Dynamic Measure (69)



The denser the Cosmic Volume, the slower the Cosmic Period underneath.

The less dense the Cosmic Volume, the faster the Cosmic Period underneath.

The Density of the Volume (Space) and the Speed of the Period (Mode/Time) are antiproportional.

To illustrate this relationship, we shall introduce the dynamic equivalent to the Space Points. We call them Mode Lines (and they’re similarly Time Lines). To rebuild the idealized measure of Space, let’s start with a uniform Oscillation. In that case the Wave is oscillating homogeneously in Mode (70).

We add the Mode Lines that measure the Speed of the Period (71).

What if we accelerate the Wave in the Period? If the Period is absolute, it will be unaffected (72).

But if the Period is relative (just like the Volume is; the Dynamic Equivalent of the Non-Existence of Empty Space, is the Non-Existence of a Still Period), then it must be accelerating along with the Wave. In which case the Mode Lines will now condense (indicating an Acceleration of the Period, not just the Wave in the Period) (73).

The Relative Period will accelerate and decelerate along with the Wave in it. An easy way to imagine this is: think of every Wave Peak aligned with a Mode Line. When the Wave accelerates, the Wave Peaks will move toward each other and so will the Mode Lines since Mode as opposed to what fills Mode has no separate Existence. The Mode Lines are equally Time Lines, and the Modal Speed is the Temporal Speed. Whenever the Mode Lines move toward each other, Time accelerates. When the Mode Lines move away from each other, Time decelarates. Time has a Relative Speed (74).

Note that not the Contents of Time (the Seconds, Years, Millennia) are accelerating, but Time itself. Not the Second Hand of your watch is accelerating, it keeps going at the same rate, but the invisible ground the Second Hand is ticking in. It’s the Temporal Totality that varies its Speed, not the Temporal Quantum. To illustrate this: In this sketch (75),

a Second equals the distance between two Wave Peaks. The first Second is not longer than the second and third, they all take exactly 1 second, because what’s accelerating and decelerating is the Time they are ticking in. Temporal Speed is but the abstract term for Modal Speed.

We’re ready to tackle the Cosmic Antiproportionality.

Space is contracting under its Mass.

All Space Points are attracting each other - and the Volume condenses (76)



When the Volume contracts, the Period expands.

All Mode Lines are repulsing each other - and the Period decelerates (77)



In other words: Mode is expanding under its Mass.

But as soon as the Period stretches, the Wave normalizes (i.e. squeezes) itself in the Period.

The Mode Lines re-establish their regular intervals (along with the Wave Peaks).

Which translates into a Contraction of the Period.

All Mode Lines are attracting each other - and the Period accelerates (78)



Therefore: Mode is contracting under its Oscillation.

As the Period contracts, the Volume expands.

All Space Points are repulsing each other - and the Volume dilutes (79)



Space is expanding under its Oscillation.

Within Cosmic Mechanics, the Expansion of Space is an inherent feature of Space itself.

Space is expanding because Mode is contracting.

And this is how we explain the Expansion of Space. Mode is the Cosmic Current whose Inward Tension produces an Outward Pressure on Space. Similar to what Einstein suggested with his Cosmological Constant, we believe that the Expansion is an inherent aspect of Space. Within Cosmic Mechanics, we require neither Dark Matter nor Dark Energy whose Existence we deny. Not Dark Matter accelerates the Mass in the Universe, but Mode does. Not Dark Energy causes the Accelerated Expansion of Space but Mode does (Note the Similarities: Gravity increases with Proximity and decreases with Distance, the Expansion increases with Distance and decreases with Proximity; and since we propose that Spaces attract each other: The Spatial Contraction increases with Proximity and decreases with Distance, the Spatial Expansion increases with Distance and decreases with Proximity). Space is constantly condensing under its Mass, the Period below decelerates, but as the Wave normalizes in the Period, the Period will maintain its Speed or Tension, and as the Modal Period contracts, the Spatial Volume expands.

On the one hand, Space is contracting and Mode is expanding (80)



The Volume condenses and the Period decelerates.

On the other hand, Mode is contracting and Space is expanding (81)



The Period accelerates and the Volume dilutes.

Both motions are taking place at the same time (82)



Space - above - is contracting under its Mass and expanding under its Oscillation.

Mode - below - is contracting under its Oscillation and expanding under its Mass.

We observe this Dual Motion in the Stars, namely in the Sun.

On the one hand, the Sun’s Space is contracting under its Mass (83)



All Space Points are moving toward each other and the Volume condenses.

At the same time, all Mode Lines are moving away from each other and the Period decelerates.

The Sun is condensing (spatially) and decelerating (modally) under its Mass.

On the other hand, the Sun’s Mode is contracting under its Oscillation (84)



All Mode Lines are moving toward each other and the Period accelerates.

At the same time, all Space Points are moving away from each other and the Volume dilutes.

The Sun is accelerating (modally) and diluting (spatially) under its Oscillation.

These two Motions are in perfect Equilibrium (85)



All Space Points move both toward each other (under their Mass) and away from each other (under their Oscillation). Therefore, the Sun neither collapses under its Mass (1st Motion) nor explodes under its Oscillation (2nd Motion).

The Sun is contracting under its Mass and expanding under its Oscillation.

And this is precisely what the Universe is doing.

The Universe is contracting under its Mass and expanding under its Oscillation (86) (Note that there is no Cosmic Centre, this serves to portray the Cosmic Antiproportionality)



But it neither collapses (1st Motion) nor explodes (2nd Motion).

Instead, it’s in perfect Equilibrium.

Within Cosmic Mechanics, the Universe is in a Steady State.

However, not a Static Steady State but a Dynamic Steady State.

In a Static Steady State, Space neither contracts nor expands (87)



In a Dynamic Steady State, Space both contracts and expands (88)



And because it’s doing both, it’s not getting bigger and smaller - like the Big Bang Universe - but only longer and shorter, wider and narrower.

The Universe is open by Shape, closed by Size.

In the First Cosmic Partial Motion, the Universe condenses spatially and decelerates modally.

The Universe increases its Spatial Statics and decreases its Modal Dynamics.

And in other words: The Universe constitutes itself.

In the second Cosmic Partial Motion, the Universe accelerates modally and dilutes spatially.

The Universe increases its Modal Dynamics and decreases its Spatial Statics.

And in this case: The Universe continues itself.

On the one hand, the Universe constitutes (and discontinues) itself under its Mass

On the other hand, the Universe continues (and deconstitutes) itself under its Oscillation.

These Two Partial Motions add up to the Dual Cosmic Motion.

Which shows that within Cosmic Mechanics the Motion of the Universe is an Own-Motion.

Who or what moves the Universe?

The Universe moves itself.

Cosmic Mechanics proposes that the whole Universe is essentially moving the way the Sun does. It’s got two tendencies, the tendency to condense or contract under its Mass, and the tendency to dilute or expand under its Oscillation. These two tendencies are in perfect equilibrium. The Sun is like a curious creature that is both breathing in and breathing out at the same time. It’s breathing in under its Mass (the Sun wants to collapse) and breathing out under its Oscillation (the Sun wants to explode), and since it’s doing both, it’s doing neither one. And just like that the Universe: It’s breathing in under its Mass (the Universe wants to collapse) and breathing out under its Oscillation (the Universe wants to explode), and since it’s doing both, it’s doing neither one. Sometimes the Mass will „beat“ the Oscillation, the Star collapses (Space condenses, Mode decelerates), other times the Oscillation „beats“ the Mass and the Star explodes (Mode accelerates, Space dilutes). Within Cosmic Mechanics, the Universe moves itself, and the Cosmic Own-Motion can be described within 6 processes that take place simultaneously.
First Process: Mass constitutes Space. Relative Space is moving around with its Contents in whose absence it doesn’t exist. Space goes where the Mass goes. Where the Earth’s Mass moves around the Sun’s Mass, the Earth’s Place is moving around the Sun’s Place. Which shows that Space itself is in motion. Eddington says: „Space is like a Network of Distances“. The Motion of Mass is equally the Motion of Space and Moving Mass constitutes Moving Space. First Process in the Sun (89)

The Sun’s Mass is moving around and along with it the Sun’s Space. The Sun’s Mass constitutes the Sun’s Space.
Second Process: Space constitutes Mode. As Space is constituted by its Mass/Energy, it takes form, the Volume constitutes itself in a particular way, and this is how it constitutes the Modal Web below, i.e. the Period. The Schematics of the Period, namely its Speed, is determined by the Form of Space, namely by its Density. The denser Space, the slower Mode, the thinner Space, the faster Mode. Second Process in the Sun (90)

The Sun’s Space constitutes itself, and so it constitutes the Mode it’s running on. The Sun’s Space constitutes the Sun’s Mode.
Third Process: Mode constitutes Oscillation. As the Web, the Cosmic Period, takes a particular shape, the local dynamics are running in a particular Period (i.e. a particular periodical Speed). All Seconds require the Existence of Macrodynamic they’re running in, namely Time, and the same goes in concreto for the Cosmic Dynamics. All Microdynamics require the Existence of the Cosmic Macrodynamic called Mode. Therefore the Modal Totality constitutes the Local Dynamics. Third Process in the Sun (91)

As the Sun’s Mode constitutes itself, it constitutes the Oscillations in a particular way. The Sun’s Mode constitutes the Sun’s Oscillations.
Fourth Process: Oscillation continues Mode. Mode decelerates, the Period expands, but the Wave in it normalizes, it places its Wave Peaks in regular intervals, the same goes for the Mode Lines, which translates into a Contraction of the Period. As the Wave normalizes in the Period, it continues the Period (it keeps it from Stopping), and this is how the Oscillations continue Mode. Fourth Process in the Sun (92)

The Sun’s Oscillation continue in the Period, and Mode is being kept in motion. The Sun’s Oscillation continues the Sun’s Mode.
Fifth Process: Mode continues Space. Mode continues under its Oscillation, and as the Period contracts, the Volume above it will expand. Space is constantly being stretched by its Modal Tension, and only through its Inertia (i.e. Mass) will it stop and counteract the Expansion. (Note the Similarities: Oscillation is producing the Inward Motion of Mode and the Outward Motion of Space, Mass is producing the Inward Motion of Space and the Outward Motion of Mode). The Fifth Process in the Sun (93)

The Sun’s Mode is continuing, and the Sun’s Space is deconstituted. The Sun’s Mode continues the Sun’s Space.
Sixth Process: Space continues Mass. Arguably the most interesting one. As the Sun expands under its Oscillation, Space stretches, and this is how it keeps the Mass/Energy in Motion. Within Cosmic Mechanics, all Motion of Mass is actually produced by Expanding Space. Which means, quite interestingly, that what we consider Material Motion is in fact Spatial Motion. Not Mass is Moving in Space, but Space itself is Moving, and as Space is moving, so are its Contents. Sixth Process in the Sun (94)

The Sun’s Space continues and stretches and the Masses are being kept in motion. Not the Sun’s Mass is moving around the Universe, but the Sun’s Space. Within Cosmic Mechanics, the Radiation Pressure is produced by Space itself, that stretches under its Oscillation and therefore blows up the Mass/Energy. The Sun’s Space continues the Sun’s Mass.

Within Cosmic Mechanics, there are precisely Two Forces acting in the Universe.

The first force is the Constituting Force, or: Constitution.

The Universe constitutes itself under its Mass (95)



The Constituting Force is responsible for:
- Gravity (All Macroplaces attract each other, therefore their Masses move toward each other)
- Electromagnetic Attraction (All Microplaces attract each other, therefore their Masses)
- Strong Nuclear Force (All Subatomic Places attract each other, therefore their Masses)
- All Blueshifts (indicating the Contraction of a Space toward us)

As Space contracts, producing the Constituting Force, Mode expands.

When Space constitutes itself, Mode discontinues itself.

The Constituting Force consists of the Spatial Contraction and the Modal Expansion (96)



The second force is the Continuing Force, or: Continuation.

The Universe continues itself under its Oscillation (97)



The Continuing Force is responsible for:
- All Motion in the Universe (Note that for us the Motion of Mass/Energy is the Motion of Space. Space expands and this is how it keeps its Contents in motion)
- The Expansion and Acceleration of Space (All Macroplaces accelerate away from each other).
- The Electromagnetic Repulsion (All Microplaces repulse each other, therefore their Masses).
- The Weak Force (All Microplaces are expanding or deconstituting, the Masses along with them).
- Radiation Pressure (All Places are being stretched, so they’re constantly losing Mass/Energy)
- The Rise of Entropy (as the Period contracts, the Volume expands, and the Entropy rises)
- The Flow of Time (as the Period contracts, Time continues and Space is deconstituted)
- All Redshifts (indicating the Expansion of a Space away from us. Note that within Cosmic Mechanics, every single Wavelength Shift is cosmological as it’s produced by Space itself).

As Mode contracts, producing the Continuing Force, Space expands.

When Mode continues itself, Space deconstitutes itself.

The Continuing Force consists of the Modal Contraction and the Spatial Expansion (98)



Together the Two Forces produce the Cosmic Equilibrium (99)



On the one hand, the Universe constitutes itself - Space contracts, Mode expands.

On the other hand, the Universe continues itself - Mode contracts, Space expands.

It’s often stated that one of the key problems in Unifying Gravity and the Electromagnetic Force is that there is no (macro) equivalent to the Electromagnetic Repulsion. But within Cosmic Mechanics there is, and it’s namely: Acceleration. On the one hand, Acceleration opposes Gravity, which is why the Universe doesn’t collapse under its Mass. On the other hand, Gravity opposes Acceleration, which is why the Universe doesn’t explode under its Oscillation. The Spatial Contraction (i.e. Gravity) and the Spatial Expansion (i.e. Acceleration) are in perfect balance. It’s my opinion that what Hubble really observed some 90 years ago was the inherent Acceleration of Space. The Space we live in is accelerating underneath us, it’s constantly stretching, and only Mass stops this Stretching to some degree. Neither does the Universe collapse, this is prevented by the Acceleration, nor does it explode, which is prevented by Gravity. But the Electromagnetic Repulsion, I hear you say, is a Force which cannot be said about Acceleration. In this matter, we judge differently about the Electromagnetic Repulsion, which for us is not really a Force in that sense, it’s rather the very same thing that we described above: All Places repulse each other, they accelerate away from each other, and this is only counteracted by the Mass-induced Contraction of Space. So the Electromagnetic Attraction is produced by the Masses contracting toward each other (this is how we unify the Attractive Forces, Gravity, Electromagnetic Attraction and the Strong Force in the Constituting Force), whereas the Electromagnetic Repulsion is an intrinsic characteristic of Space which is expanding everywhere under its Oscillation (this is how we unify the Electromagnetic Repulsion and the Weak Force in the Acceleration of Space, and ultimately in the Continuing Force). In the Dual Universe that has two opposing forces acting, there has to be a transitional area („area“ in the most abstract sense) where neither one of the Forces is predominant. On one (Mass-dominated) end of the Spectrum the Spatial Contraction dominates the Spatial Expansion (e.g. in a Black Hole the Constituting Force is much stronger than the Continuing Force). On the other (Oscillation-dominated) end of the Spectrum the Spatial Expansion dominates the Spatial Contraction (e.g. in the intergalactic Vacuum the Continuing Force is much stronger than the Constituting Force). Somewhere between the Two Extremes there has to be an area where Space almost equally contracts and expands, almost like it’s undecided whether it should contract under its Mass or expand under its Oscillation. Within Cosmic Mechanics this particular area is the Realm of the Electromagnetic Force. On the one Hand, two Microplaces attract each other under their Mass (Electromagnetic Attraction), on the other hand they repulse each other under their Oscillation (Electromagnetic Repulsion).

Space is running on a Stationary Dynamic, called Mode.

Mode is flowing, but it’s flowing on the spot.

The Abstract Term for that Stationary Dynamic is Time.

Which means that Time as well is flowing on the spot.

Time is flowing statically, or standing dynamically.

Everything in the Universe is flowing in Time, but the Universe itself isn’t.

The Universe is flowing as Time.

If the Universe is not in Time, then there’s neither a Cosmic Past nor a Cosmic Future.

There is only a Dynamic Present flowing on the spot.

And consequently, we deny the existence of a Cosmic Origin.

Only if the Universe as a whole is in Time, as we are, it can have a Beginning in Time, as we do.

If the Universe isn’t in Time, it has no origin in it.

And this is a significant part of why Cosmic Mechanics rejects the Idea of a Big Bang: it’s because it objects against the Premises. The Big Bang Theory is based on the Idea that Today’s Universe has an Origin, a Beginning in Time, and there’s no proof for that assumption. As we reject the idea of a Cosmic Origin, we reject the established interpretation of the Cosmic Microwave Background as a remnant of the Big Bang (Devil’s Advocate: just because there is an omnipresent radiation, it doesn’t mean there was a Big Bang, it’s just not a necessary conclusion), and also the Primordial Nucleosynthesis (we do not require an explanation for the first forming of the elements, as we don’t believe in any such origin). In fact, everything the Big Bang Theory explains (besides the Expansion of Space, which we’ve already explained differently), accounts for the Origin of Things, and there is Nothing indicating that such an Origin exists. Also, let’s not forget that the Big Bang Universe requires a number of additional concepts that have never been observed or proven, and that mainly support each other, incl. Inflation, Dark Matter and Dark Energy (the established theory can only account for 4.6 % of the Cosmic Energy, the rest it just makes up, yet it claims to have fully (100%) understood the Universe). The Big Bang Theory is ultimately a Petitio Principii, it carefully explains the Origins of Space and Time, Matter and Energy, but there’s no proof that such an Origin exists.

On the one hand, Space is moving whenever Mass is moving (Mass distributes Relative Space)

On the other hand, Mass is only moving because Space is moving (Moved Space distributes Mass)

In other words: Mass and Space move as one.

And the logical conclusion is that they are one.

Cosmic Mechanics proposes that Space is made of Matter.

The Motion that surrounds us is the Motion of Material Space.

As Material Space is moving around, we’re observing the Motion of Mass.

But Mass is not moving in Space, it is Space, and it’s only moving because Space is moving.

Newton Space is an Absolute Container everything is floating around in (100)



Einstein Space is a Relative Skin, tightly attached to the Bodies in it (101)



But for us there is no Skin, and Space is the Body itself (102)



Within Cosmic Mechanics, Space is material.

What then is the Universe?

We’re going to go with Einstein and call the Universe a Field.

Space is the (material) Field Static (103)



Mode is the (immaterial) Field Dynamic (104)



And the Universe is a (Dual) Field (105)



Within Cosmic Mechanics, an Atom is not an Atom of Matter in Space, but an Atom of Space. Space itself is made of Matter, and it forms - as it contracts - into Atoms and Bodies, Planets and Stars. Let’s adress the mentally awkward problem of Empty Space. It’s hard to conceive of Space as material if Space seems to be so largely empty. An Atom is 99.9 % empty. And have you seen the telescope images of Saturn? Or how about Pale Blue Dot? I admit that is one of the things that I’ve most struggled with while developing the theory. How can I call Space material when it seems to be largely empty (not-material)? I was, luckily, able to explain this problem to myself, and now I’m explaining it to you: It’s got to do with our wrong conception of what Space really is. We can’t help but think of Space as Absolute (like a Box), but in Reality, Space is only there inasmuch as Energy is there. So if you’re looking at Saturn, you’re standing on Space as we conceptualize it (Earth is condensed Space) and you’re looking at Space (Saturn is condensed Space), but everything in between is not really Space, it’s incredibly expanded or stretched Space. The intergalactic Vacuum has very little do with Space the way you imagine it. It’s Distance but it’s not Space. In the Nucleus, Space is what you consider it to be, but in the Atomic Shell it really isn’t, it’s stretched out, expanded Space. If you fully grasp this Concept, you will find it much easier to appreciate the Idea of Material Space. Let’s indulge in what the Physicists have to say. Maxwell elaborates on the question where the electromagnetic force originates from: „On our theory, it resides in the electromagnetic field, in the space surrounding the electrified and magnetic bodies, as well as in those bodies themselves, and is in two different forms.“ As the motion - Space - and the strain - Matter - of one and the same medium, Material Space. Within Cosmic Mechanics, the Elements are not - to speak with Schrödinger - Configurations of Matter/Energy in Space, but Configurations of Space itself. To quote a beautiful thought of his (unfortunately I never found either the German or English version of it, hence in French): „Retournons maintenant à nos particules élémentaires et aux petits agrégats de particules tels que les atomes et les petites molécules. Selon la vieille conception leur individualité était basée sur l’identité des matériaux dont elles sont faites. Selon la nouvelle conception, ce qui est permanent dans ces particules élémentaires ou ces petits aggregats, c’est leur forme et leur organisation. Les habitudes du langage quotidien nous induisent en erreur losqu’elles paraissent suggérer, dès que le mot de „configuration“ ou de „forme“ est prononcé, qu’il doit s’agir de la configuration ou de la forme de quelque chose, que seul un substrat matériel peut revêtir une configuration. Mais quand on en vient à considérer les particules élémentaires qui constituent la matière, il semble qu’il n’y ait aucune raison de les concevoir à leur tour comme constituées d’un certain matériau. Elles sont, pour ainsi dire, de pures configurations; ce qui se presente et se représente sans cesse à nous dans nos observations successives, ce sont ces configurations, et non pas de portions individualisées d’un certain matériau.“ And finally M Einstein: „But what are the physical criterions distinguishing matter and field? Before we learned about the relativity theory we could have tried to answer this question in the following way: matter has mass, whereas field has not. Field represents energy, matter represents mass. But we already know that such an answer is insufficient in view of the further knowledge gained. From the relativity theory we know that matter represents vast stores of energy and that energy represents matter. We cannot, in this way, distinguish qualitatively between matter and field, since the distinction between mass and energy is not a qualitative one. By far the greatest part of energy is concentrated in matter; but the field surrounding the particle also represents energy, though in an incomparably smaller quantity. We could therefore say: Matter is where the concentration of energy is great, field where the concentration of energy is small. But if this is the case, then the difference between matter and field is a quantitative rather than a qualitative one. There is no sense in regarding matter and field as two qualities quite different from each other. We cannot imagine a definite surface separating distinctly field and matter. (..) We cannot build physics on the basis of the matterconcept alone. But the division into matter and field is, after the recognition of the equivalence of mass and energy, something artificial and not clearly defined. Could we not reject the concept of matter and build a pure field physics? What impresses our senses as matter is really a great concentration of energy into a comparatively small space. We could regard matter as the regions in space where the field is extremely strong. In this way a new philosophical background could be created. Its final aim would be the explanation of all events in nature by structure laws valid always and everywhere. A thrown stone is, from this point of view, a changing field, where the states of greatest field intensity travel through space with the velocity of the stone. There would be no place, in our new physics, for both field and matter, field being the only reality.“

And so we arrive at the Being-Becoming-Dualism.

Space is the Being Part of the Universe, i.e. the Being Universe (106)



Space is.

Mode is the Becoming Part of the Universe, i.e. the Becoming Universe (107)



Mode becomes.

Which shows that Mode exists, even though it isn’t.

It exists by becoming.

The Universe is a Space but it becomes a Mode.

Being Space + Becoming Mode = Being-Becoming Universe (108)



As Einstein turned the Universe, formerly known as Space, into Spacetime, he embedded a Becoming (Time) into the Universe’s Being (Space). He says: „Since there exist in this four-dimensional structure no longer any sections which represent "now" objectively, the concepts of happening and becoming are indeed not completely suspended, but yet complicated. It appears therefore more natural to think of physical reality as a four-dimensional existence, instead of, as hitherto, the evolution of a three-dimensional existence.“ Please note that Einstein, in the German original, uses the Verb Becoming „Werden“ („Es erscheint deshalb natürlicher, das physikalisch Reale als ein vierdimensionales Sein zu denken statt wie bisher als das Werden eines dreidimensionalen Seins. -> It appears therefore more natural to think of physical reality as a four-dimensional being, instead of, as hitherto, the Becoming of a three-dimensional Being). Einstein has woven Becoming into the very fabric of the Universe. „Spacetime“ describes the Duality of Being Space and Becoming Time. Before Einstein, we understood the Universe as a Being Singularity, only now we recognize it as a Being-Becoming Duality. But there’s one more logical step we have to take: The Being Universe is Space, but the Becoming Universe isn’t Time, because Time is Abstract and the Universe is Concrete. There has to be a Concrete Equivalent to Abstract Time (A Concrete Dynamic equivalent to the Abstract Temporal Dynamic), and this Concrete Dynamic, the Macrodynamic, is called Mode.

Time flows, Space expands, Entropy rises, Forces act, Everything is in motion.

In other Words: The Universe becomes.

But what makes it become?

We used to reply „God“. God makes the Universe become.

Science replaced God with the Big Bang. The Big Bang makes the Universe become.

But the Dualism proposes something else.

Becoming is neither the action of an extra-cosmical entity nor the result of a historic event in Space and Time, but an intrinsic aspect of the Universe itself.

The Universe becomes through itself.

And namely: Mode makes the Universe become.

Hence, what we conceptualize with God and the Big Bang is Mode.

This is the „Religion“ of people like Einstein or Spinoza. What we call God is in fact an aspect of the Universe itself. Metaphysically, no one has gotten closer to our ideas than Spinoza, often called a Monist, in our sense, however, a Dualist, as he distinguished between Natura Naturans (the naturing nature, and in dualistic terms: the becoming nature) and Natura Naturata (the natured nature, and in our terms: the being nature). Spinoza says Deus Sive Natura, The Universe is God, but what he really says is: God is the Universe. What we call God, is the Universe. Who expresses our Dualistic Views more beautifully? Spinoza says: „God is the principal source of motion“. What else is Mode? Spinoza says: „God’s omnipresence cannot be explained. (..) Since this is beyond the limits of human knowledge, it is impossible to explain his omnipresence.“ Mode is everywhere like God, because it’s the Stationary Dynamic Space is running on. Spinoza says: „There is in God but one simple idea.“ That Idea being the Mover of the Universe. Spinoza’s God is not a religious God, he’s a mechanical God, the World’s Mover, not necessarily a person, perhaps a principle, the Moving Cause, the Moving Source of the Universe: „Things could have been produced by God in no other way or order than as they have been produced“, „that is why we deny that God can omit to do what he does.“ and „God does not act by virtue of free will.“

The Universe is the Mystery.

Who or what created the Universe?

Religion says: God created the Universe.

The Creating Cause is in the Past, and Cause precedes Effect.

Science says: The Big Bang created Today’s Universe.

Again, the Creating Cause is past, and Cause precedes Effect.

But the Dualism denies the Existence of a Cosmic Past.

Therefore, if anything, the Universe creates itself in the Present.

More likely, though, the Concept of Creation is false.

The Universe exists through itself in the Present, and it never was created.

Logically, we argue that Cause is with its Effect (not before it).

The Moved Effect in Space is accompanied by its Moving Cause in Mode.

Cause doesn’t precede Effect, it accompanies it.

There is no Cosmic Past, and there is no Prime Cause.

The Cosmic Cause is a Perpetual Cause, or: an Eternal Cause.

The Dualistic View holds that the Effect we observe in Space is accompanied by its Cause in Mode. Therefore, Cause is not before but with its Effect. The Chain of Effects which we observe in Space is accompanied by a Chain of Causes in Mode. David Hume says: „Now if any cause may be perfectly co-temporary with its effect, ’tis certain, according to this maxim, that they must all of them be so; since any one of them, which retards its operation for a single moment, exerts not itself at that very individual time, in which it might have operated; and therefore is no proper cause. The consequence of this wou’d be no less than the destruction of that succession of causes, which we observe in the world; and indeed, the utter annihilation of time. For if one cause were co-temporary with its effect, and this effect with its effect, and so on, ’tis plain there wou’d be no such thing as succession, and all objects must be co-existent.“ And this is namely what the Dualistic View proposes. All Objects coexist and Time - in the Human sense of „going forward in Time“ - doesn’t exist. But if the Universe’s Cause is not past, if it’s present, and if the Universe has always existed, if it’s never started, what then is the Universe? I'm guessing that the real solution is so far out of our grasp, out of our reality in Space and Time, that we wouldn’t understand it. The True Nature of the Universe is - to speak with Spencer - inconceivable: „Respecting the origin of the Universe three verbally intelligible suppositions may be made. We may assert that it is self-existent; or that it is selfcreated; or that it is created by an external agency. (…) The deeper question, into which this finally merges, is, whether any one of them is even conceivable in the true sense of the word (..) „the assertion of self-existence is simply an indirect denial of creation. In thus excluding the idea of any antecedent cause, we necessarily exclude the idea of a beginning; for to admit the idea of a beginning - to admit that there was a time when the existence had not commenced - is to admit that its commencement was determined by something, or was caused ; which is a contradiction. Self-existence , therefore, necessarily means existence without a beginning; and to form a conception of self-existence is to form a conception of existence without a beginning. Now by no mental effort can we do this.“

The Being Part of the Phenomenon is Material (109)



And that Stuff is called: Matter.

Matter is the Being Stuff (110)



The Becoming Part of the Phenomenon is Immaterial (111)



And for us it’s also made of a Stuff.

All (being) Mass in Space is tied to (becoming) Oscillation in Mode.

That Oscillation exists just as „real“, if not physical (it isn’t, it becomes), as the Mass does.

And we call that Stuff: Immatter.

Immatter is the Becoming Stuff (112)



The Wave-Particle-Dualism describes the Duality of Stuff.

The Being Particle is accompanied by a Becoming Wave, and the Phenomenon is dual.

Being Matter and Becoming Immatter form the Being-Becoming Phenomenon (113)



This is the metaphysical version of the Wave-Particle Dualism. The Particle is in Space, but that’s not the whole phenomenon, it’s only half, because it’s accompanied by a Wave that becomes in Mode. The Wavicle is a Particle in Space and becomes a Wave in Mode. The Dualism produces a variety of phenomena, incl. De Broglie’s Matter Waves (all granular Mass is tied to fluent Oscillation), Bohr’s Complementary Principle (Being and Becoming are complementary), and perhaps most notably, Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle (Heisenberg says: „The knowledge of the position of a particle is complementary to the knowledge of its velocity or momentum. If we know the one with high accuracy we cannot know the other with high accuracy.“ Paraphrasing: The knowledge of the Being of a particle is complementary to the knowledge of its Becoming. If we know the one with high accuracy we cannot know the other with high accuracy.) How can we picture the Immaterial Stuff? Above all, be aware that the Immaterial Stuff is not, it exists by becoming. We have to imagine pure Dynamics, a Quantum of Strength, a Parameter that doesn’t have a Carrier, a Dynamic Quantity (the Immaterial Quantum), as Opposed to the Static Quantity (the Material Quantum). The dynamic Quantum is continuous, only the Static Quantum discontinuous and together they form the Dual Quantum, that is granular in Space and becomes fluent in Mode.

What is Life?

The Dualism considers Life a Degeneration of the Phenomenon.

As the Phenomenon degenerates, it comes to life.

As part of the Degeneration, the Two Stuffs, Matter and Immatter, mirror each other.

Being Matter mirrors Becoming Immatter and creates Becoming Life (114)



Becoming Immatter mirrors Being Matter and creates Being Life (115)



Being Life and Becoming Life form a Dualism (116)



On the one hand, Becoming Life is created in the Being Matter.

This part of the Phenomenon is called: Body (117)



On the other hand, Being Life manifests itself in the Becoming Immatter.

This part of the Phenomenon is called: Soul (118)



The Body is a Living Being (119)



The Soul is a Living Becoming (120)



And together, the Soul and the Body form the Living Phenomenon, or Organism (121)



The Organism is a Soul-Body-Connection.

The Soul is in Mode, the Body in Space, and the Organism in the Dual Universe (122)



The Dualism proposes the Duality of Life. Tied to the Living Being, called Body, is a Living Becoming, called Soul. The Organism is a Body, but it becomes a Soul. While the Body constitutes the Organism in the Universe, it’s the Soul that continues the Organism in the Universe. If it wasn’t for its Soul, the Organism couldn’t exist in the Universe, because it wouldn’t continue in it. The Duality of the Organism can be observed in the Cell. The Cell’s Body is a Being in Space, a piece of Matter, in which we observe Becoming Life. Life becomes in the Cell’s Body. But tied to the Cell’s Body is the Cell’s Soul, which continues or becomes in Mode; all Living Mass (Body) is tied to Living Oscillation (Soul). The Dualism holds that Being Life develops in the Cell’s Soul, where it mirrors the Cell’s Body. The Cell’s Body leads a Becoming Life in Being Space, the Cell’s Soul a Being Life in Becoming Mode, and the Dual Cell a Dual Life in the Dual Universe. Dual Life mirrors the Dual Universe.

The Body is a becoming Being - a Being that leads a Becoming Life.

The Soul is a being Becoming - a Becoming that leads a Being Life.

Which shows that the Soul is not a Being.

And yet it exists.

The Soul is a Becoming.

On the one hand, the Organism is a Material Body in the Universe.

On the other hand, it becomes an Immaterial Soul in the Universe.

The Organism is a Body in Space, it becomes a Soul in Mode, and it is and becomes a Soul-Body-Connection in the Dual Universe.

In the Dual Universe, being Mass is tied to becoming Oscillation, and together they form dual Energy (Energy is Mass in Space, but it becomes Oscillation in Mode). As the Phenomenon degenerates, it mirrors its part, and Being Mass develops Becoming Life. The Body is a Living Being that leads a Becoming Life. But there is a second half to the Phenomenon, the Becoming Oscillation, which develops Being Life. The Soul is a Living Becoming that leads a Being Life. Which shows that the Soul exists, even though it’s not a Being. We’ve assumed that whatever isn’t, doesn’t exist, but the Dualism rejects that idea, because in the Dual Universe, Being accounts for only half the Universe, Becoming for the other half. The Body is a Being in Being Space, the Soul a Becoming in Becoming Mode, and together they form the Dual Organism in the Being-Becoming Universe.

The Becoming Life that emerges in the Body is called: Physiology.

Physiology is located in the Body.

The Being Life that emerges in the Soul is called: Psyche.

Psyche is located in the Soul.

Therefore the Dualism holds that the Psyche is not located in the Body.

The Body’s Physiology is tied to the Soul’s Psyche.

The Body leads a Physiological Life (i.e. an Active Life)

The Soul leads a Psychical Life (i.e. a Passive Life)

And one is connected to the other.

Psyche and Physiology form Dual Life.

The Dualism rejects the established Materialistic hypothesis that the whole Life takes place in the Body, for us only half of it manifests itself there, namely the active half. Only Active Life takes place in the Body, passive life in the Soul. The Body’s Active Life, called Physiology, is tied to the Soul’s Passive Life, called Psyche. Indeed, Passive Life has never been detected in the Body, we only observe Active Life, and the Materialistic Assumption that the Psyche is located in the Body is based on the idea that only the Body, not the Soul, exists. The Dualism believes in the Duality of Soul and Body, Psyche and Physiology. On the one hand, the Body is a degenerated Mass, a Being Mass that behaves like a Becoming Oscillation. On the other hand, the Soul is a degenerated Oscillation, a Becoming Oscillation that behaves like a Being Mass. The degenerated part is Life, and within Psychometrics it’s called: Schema. The Being Stuff (Matter) mirrors the Becoming Stuff (Immatter) and creates the Becoming Schema (Physiology). The Becoming Stuff (Immatter) mirrors the Being Stuff (Matter) and creates the Being Schema (Psyche). The Schema, i.e. Life, ties the Two Stuffs together. The Body Life is tied to the Soul Life as the Soul Life is to the Body Life. Soul and Body are dual, they are Two, but they build their Unit, they become One, in a Third Party. That Third Party - the Soul-Body-Unit - is the I.

Soul and Body form a Duality.

But they unite in the Soul-Body I.

The I is the Unit of Body and Soul.

Psychometrics is the Model of the I. It produces an exact model of what the I is, and how it behaves with Body and Soul.

On the one hand, the I behaves relatively with the Body.

The Yawning I is the Body I.

On the other hand, the I behaves relatively with the Soul.

The Griefing I is the Soul I.

The same I yawns and griefs - I am yawning, I am griefing - which shows that the I is the Soul-Body-Unit.

But the Absolutes I’m behaving with are Two, not One.

The Yawning Body is not a Griefing Body (Materialistic Concept of Life), but a Griefing Soul (Dualistic Concept of Life).

The Yawning Body is tied to a Griefing Soul, and the Griefing-Yawning I is the Soul-Body I.

The I behaves relatively with Soul and Body, as if it was moving on a Line between them.

The more I'm griefing, the more I'm moving on that line to the „Inside“, toward the Griefing Soul.

The more I'm yawning, the more I'm moving on that line to the „Outside“, toward the Yawning Body.

The I moves, or shifts, on a line between the Griefing Soul and the Yawning Body (123)



The more I grief, the more I shift to the left, into the (Griefing) Inner Pole.

The more I yawn, the more I shift to the right, into the (Yawning) Outer Pole.

By griefing and yawning, I’m shifting back and forth - left and right - on the connection line.

That Connection Line is called Scale (124)



The Soul-Body I is shifting on the Scale between Soul and Body.

As the I moves back and forth on the Scale, it varies its Behavior and Composition.

Psychometrics measures the Behavior and the Composition of the Soul-Body I.

Three different concepts of Life are commonly quoted. Two of them are popular, the third far less, and it’s the one we pursue. The first concept is the Materialistic one. The Materialistic Concept of Life (widely accepted in our times) includes above all the Scientific View, and it can be brought down to the formula: The Soul is but a Manifestation of the Body. What we call Soul doesn’t exist, only the Body exists, and all of Life takes place in the Body. The Yawning Body is equally a Griefing Body, and there is no Griefing Soul. The second concept is the Spiritualistic one. The Spiritualistic Concept of Life (still popular, but hard to substantiate) includes the Religious Perspectives, as well as Idealism (the Material as a Manifestation of the Immaterial), also Theories that assume a Cosmic Consciousness, Simulation Theories, and others. This second approach can be brought down to the formula: The Body is but a Manifestation of the Soul. The Immaterial is the Real, the Material the Unreal, it’s the Illusion that is created by something Immaterial, something higher, something out of this World. The Yawning Body is really a Yawning Soul, equally a Griefing Soul. The Dualism rejects both of these hypotheses. Neither is the Soul a Manifestation of the Body, the Soul is just as real the Body is, nor the Body a Manifestation of the Soul, the Body is exactly what it seems to be, instead both of them exist independently, they form a Duality, and it’s Life that ties them together. This third approach - the dualistic view - has only been held by a small number of Thinkers, incl. Leibniz or Pascal (when he said that „we are composed of two opposite natures differing in kind, soul and body.“). Psychometrics is built on the Duality of Body and Soul, both existing independently, yet intimately tied to one another.

The Dualism holds that only Active Life takes place in the Body.

Hence, the I behaves actively with the Body.

The Body I is the Active I.

The more I act, the more I shift into the Body, on the Scale to the right.

By measuring the I’s Position on the Scale (relative to the Body), we can measure its Activity (125)



The Diagonal quantifies the I’s Activity varying with the I’s Position on the Scale above.

The Yawning I - at the moment of Yawning - is a highly active I (the Yawning I is doing).

While Yawning, the I is positioned toward the right end of the Scale.

Passive Life takes place in the Soul.

Therefore, the I behaves passively with the Soul.

The Soul I is the Passive I.

The more I pass (i.e. the more I’m acted on, the more I happen), the more I shift into the Soul, on the Scale to the left.

By measuring the I’s Position on the Scale (relative to the Soul), we measure its Passivity (126)



The Diagonal quantifies the I’s Passivity varying with the I’s Position on the Scale above.

The Griefing I - at the moment of Griefing - is a passive I (the Griefing is I suffering, not doing).

While Griefing, the I is positioned toward the left end of the Scale.

The Yawning I is rather active than passive (It’s actively doing the Yawning with the Body).

The Griefing I is rather passive than active (It’s passively suffering its Grief with the Soul).

By varying its Behavior, the I is shifting back and forth on the Scale.

On the one hand, the I is acting with the Body, and it shifts on the Scale to the right.

On the other hand, the I is passing with the Soul, and it shifts on the Scale to the left.

The I behaves actively with the Body, passively with the Soul, actively-passively between both.

The Soul-Body I is the Active-Passive I.

By measuring the I’s Position on the Scale (relative between Body and Soul), we measure its Behavior, i.e. its Activity and Passivity (127)



The Two Diagonals quantify the I’s Behavior.

While Yawning, I’m actively doing with the Yawning Body at the right end of the Scale.

While Griefing, I’m passively suffering with the Griefing Soul at the left end of the Scale.

As I’m Yawning and Griefing, Doing and Suffering, I’m varying my position on the Scale.

But here is where it becomes tricky.

Soul and Body do not coexist in the Soul-Body I.

And that’s because they are Incommensurable Entities. (They form a Twoness, not a Oneness, similar to how a Number and Letter, „3“ and „A“, never become One, they remain Two („3A“), because they’re of different Nature).

The Becoming Soul isn’t, and therefore the Soul I isn’t, it only becomes.

As the I becomes in the Soul, it isn’t in the Body.

The Being Body doesn’t become, and therefore the Body I doesn’t become.

As the I is in the Body, it doesn’t become in the Soul.

The Soul-Body I doesn’t behave simultaneously with Body and Soul, but alternatingly.

Either the I occupies the Being Body, which it acts with.

Or it occupies the Becoming Soul, which it passes with.

Hence, the I doesn’t act and pass simultaneously, but alternatingly.

The I either acts or passes.

While I’m yawning, I’m active, I’m doing, and at that moment I’m not suffering.

The Active I is no longer passive.

Whenever the I is doing with the Body, it’s only letting the Soul suffer, it’s not suffering itself.

Example: The Climbing I is not suffering the Climbing, it’s only doing it, however, it lets the Soul suffer the climbing, which it will suffer as soon as it occupies the Soul, at which point it will no longer do the climbing, it will only let the Body do it, while it’s currently suffering its Excitement.

While I’m griefing, I’m passive, I’m suffering, and at that moment I’m not doing.

The Passive I is no longer active.

Whenever the I is suffering with the Soul, it’s only letting the Body do, it’s not doing itself.

Example: The Griefing I is suffering its Grief, it’s not doing the Crying, it’s only letting the Body do the Crying. Shortly after, the I shifts into the Body, where it wipes away its tears, it’s doing that, and now it’s no longer suffering its Behavior, it’s only letting the Soul suffer its Behavior.

The I is doing and suffering alternatingly, not simultaneously.

Either the I is actively doing with the Body, and in that moment it’s no longer passive or suffering.

Or the I is passively suffering with the Soul, at which point it’s no longer active or doing.

Which shows that I behaves as a Duality with Body and Soul.

Have I lost you? I must have. The Concept of the Dual I really only seems comprehensible once you’ve grasped the Concept which of course is a Paradox. The English language doesn’t make it easier: In German we can easily distinguish between Agieren (to Act) and Passieren (to Pass). One implies the Active Doing of Motion (Agieren), the other the Passive Suffering of Motion (Passieren). These are the two aspects of Motion that we distinguish in the Cosmos (Mass is suffering the Motion, Oscillation is doing the same Motion), and that is being mirrored in the Organism (Physiology is doing the Life, Psyche is suffering the Life). The Soul-Body I agiert (acts) with the Body and passiert (passes) with the Soul. But since Soul and Body do not form a Unity, the I will alternate between both, resulting in the I either acting or passing. Therefore the I behaves as a Duality with Soul and Body, actively with the Body (at which point it’s no longer passive) or passively with the Soul (at which point it’s no longer active). The Duality of the I is important, because it clarifies the role the Mind plays. To return from the heavenly Spheres of German Abstraction, we shall use a practical example: We said Body and Soul mirror each other, so why not position the Body infront of a Mirror to faciliate our understanding of the Scale. The Body is the Observer in front of the mirror. The Soul is the Reflection inside the mirror (of course the Soul is not really inside the mirror, it’s „inside of you“, so to speak). And the I is shifting back and forth between the Observing (Active) Body and the Reflected (Passive) Soul. The more you behave with the Observer (e.g. you could be carefully observing every detail of your reflection in the mirror), the more you shift into the Body, on the Scale to the right. The more you behave with the Reflection (e.g. when you’re sad, it feels like you’re sinking into your reflection, of course you don’t sink into the mirror, you sink into yourself, but the Outside Reflection represents your Inside Soul), the more you shift into the Soul, on the Scale to the left. In the Observing Body you’re acting, you’re doing (sensing is doing), in the Reflected Soul you’re passing, you’re suffering (feeling is suffering), and between both we can imagine a connection line, that the I is shifting back and forth on. The more I’m acting, the more I will shift into the Active Body. The more I’m passing, the more I shift into the Passive Soul. By acting and passing, doing and suffering, I’m shifting back and forth between both. While I’m doing with the Body, I’m not suffering with the Soul (While I’m in the Observer, I’m not in the Reflection) and only my Mind allows me to know that I am that Reflection in the Mirror, that I’m currently not behaving with. While I’m suffering with the Soul, I’m not doing with the Body (While I’m in the Reflection, I’m not in the Observer) and once again, only my Mind allows me to know that I’m the Observer in front of the Mirror, that I’m currently not occupying. The I behaves alternatingly with the Reflection and the Observer, only my Mind simultaneously with both. The Soul-Body I is a Duality, and the Unity is only created by the Mind I, through which I think myself as One, even though I am Two.

…not the Mind the I.

The Body I is the Material I.

The Soul I is the Immaterial I.

The Soul-Body I is Immaterial and Material but it’s not Immaterial-Material, because Immatter and Matter are incommensurable.

Either the I is material (in the Body).

Or the I is immaterial (in the Soul).

But the Two Stuffs, Immatter and Matter, decay or dissolve in the Soul-Body I.

As the Stuffs dissolve, the I overcomes its Duality, all the while creating its Unity.

And that Unity, emerging in the Soul-Body I, is the Mind.

The I creates the Mind by transcending Body and Soul.

What’s the Mind?

The Mind is the Sublation of Soul and Body in the Soul-Body I.

By transcending the Duality of Body and Soul, the I creates the Unity of the Mind.

The Mind is therefore created in the Center of the Scale (128)



As the I progresses - or evolves - from the Poles to the Center, it gradually dissolves its Stuffs, which it has fully dissolved in the Absolute Center of the Scale (129)



The left Diagonal measures the Immaterial I, which dissolves from the left into the center.

The right Diagonal measures the Material I, which dissolves from the right into the center.

In the center, the I has fully dissolved its Stuff, and it appears in the Mind.

In return, the I is gradually creating the Mind toward the Center of the Scale (130)



The Diagonals measure the Mental I, that emerges toward the Center.

The more the I shifts to the left, the more it appears as an Immaterial I in the Soul.
The more the I shifts to the right, the more it appears as a Material I in the Body.

The more the I shifts into the Center, the more it appears as a Mental I in the Mind.

The I is evolving from Being Two (Soul-Body-I) to Being One (Mind I)

This is a good moment to adress the spiritualistic theories that derive Life and the Universe from the Mind. Clearly, it’s the other way around: Life develops in the Universe, and the Mind in the Living Organism. First, there was the Universe, then Life, then the Mind. There is really nothing indicating that there is a Mind outside of the Living Organism, let alone the Universe. Within Psychometrics, the Mind is the Nullification (the Non-Being) of the Universe, so logically the Universe should be the Nullification (Non-Being) of the Mind. The Universe is not a Mental Phenomenon, it doesn’t have any Mental Attributes and within Dualism, there is no greater plan to it, no Conscious Design, no Spiritual Aspect to the Universe. But doesn’t the real Fascination set in now? If the Universe is a Pure Mechanic moving by itself, if there’s no Mind involved, no Time and the Universe is an Eternal Present, what is it then, conceptually speaking? The closest to a spirtual answer our Theory can give is the following: The Universe is a Motion.

As the Stuffs decay, the Soul-Body I can finally unite its Dual Schema.

The active Body and the passive Soul unite in the activepassive Mind (131)



The Diagonal that originates from the Soul measures the Passive I.

The Diagonal that originates from the Body measures the Active I.

The Diagonals that rise into the Center measure the Activepassive I.

The activepassive Synthesis, emerging in the Center, is called: Ideality.

Ideality is the Schematic Synthesis of Soul and Body, and in other words: the Synthesis of Physiology and Psyche in the I.

On the one hand, the Physiological I transcends into the Mind and becomes a Thinking I (132)



On the other hand, the Psychical I transcends into the Mind and becomes a Thought I (133)



The Sum of the (Body’s) Thinking I and the (Soul’s) Thought I is the (Mind’s) Ideational I (134)



Which shows that the I itself is the Idea.

Not the I thinks the Idea, but: the Idea - that I am - thinks itself.

The Mind I is the Idea.

On the one hand, the Mind I is actively Thinking with the Body.

On the other hand, the Mind I is passively Thought with the Soul.

The Ideational I - the Mental Unity - is the Absolute Idea of the Mind.

Which shows that only Thinking, not Thought, originates in the Body.

Thinking is the Product of Physiology and Mind (135)



The Diagonal originating from the Body describes the Active I.

The Diagonals that rise into the Center describe the Mind I.

Their Product, the dotted Line, describes the Thinking I.

The I behaves varies its Thinking with its Position on the Scale.

The Thinking I behaves with the Active Body and manifests itself in the Mind.

Thought is the Product of Psyche and Mind (136)



The Diagonal originating from the Soul describes the Passive I.

The Diagonals that rise into the Center describe the Mind I.

Their Product, the dashed Line, describes the Thought I.

The I behaves varies its Thought with its Position on the Scale.

The Thought I behaves with the Passive Soul and manifests itself in the Mind.

Idea is the Sum of Thinking and Thought (137)



The Dotted Line describes the Thinking I.

The Dashed Line measures the Thought I.

Their Sum describes the Ideational I.

The Mental I is the Nullification of Body and Soul (this describes the I’s Stuff or Entity) while the Ideational I is the Synthesis of Body and Soul (this describes the I’s Schema or Life).

As the I dissolves the Stuffs, it unites the Soul and the Body in the Mind.

Psychometrics proposes that only the Mental Activity, not the Mental Passivity, only Thinking, not Thought, takes place in the Brain. The Brain - like the whole body - is doing actively, and there is no proof that the Brain’s Active Thinking is accompanied by Passive Thought, the Mental Process by a Mental Product. We only observe the Mental Process in the Brain, no Mental Product. Of course, if you don’t believe in the existence of a Soul, you will assume the Mental Product to be located in the Brain along with the Mental Process. If the Soul exists, then it’s her that leads the Productive (Being) Life, the Body only leads a Processive (Becoming) Life - nothing else is being observed - and in that Case the Mind manifests itself only actively in the Body, passively in the Soul. With Bergson we refuse the „hypothesis, which seems to us very obscure, that the brain stores up ideas.“ There is no proof for that, and it’s only for a lack of alternative concepts that we assume the processive Brain to think „in products“, that is in Thoughts. Psychometrics proposes that only Thinking manifests itself in the Body, Thought in the Soul, and the Idea in the Mind.

We’ve now learned the precise relationship of Soul and Body in the Soul-Body I.

The Schema adds up to 1.

Psychical I + Physiological I = 1.

The Stuffs, however, nullify each other, so they add up to 0.

Immaterial I + Material I = 0.

Producing a peculiar picture on the Scale (138)



The Stuffs take on positive values, when the I occupies a Pole, however negative values, when it occupies the opposite Pole. (which results in the I behaving alternatingly, not simultaneously with the Poles).

And since Soul and Body are Composites, we need to build the products of Stuff and Schema.

We get Two Parabolas (139)



The Parabola that originates from the Soul measures the Soul I.

The Soul I is the Product of the Immaterial I and the Psychical I.

The Parabola that originates from the Body measures the Body I.

The Body I is the Product of the Material I and the Physiological I.

As a result of the Duality, the Soul-Body I behaves alternatingly as a Soul I (on the left side of the Scale) and a Body I (on the right side of the Scale).

In other words: The Soul-Body I behaves as a Duality on the Scale.

But while doing that, it thinks itself as a Unity.

The Mind I is the Absolute Unit of the Soul-Body I that is present on both sides of the Scale.

While the I acts with the Body, it’s no longer passive, but it still thinks itself passively (it’s still thought), so the Dual - or Split - I is accompanied by its Unitary Idea.

On the Outside, the I is physiological and ideational (140)



While the I passes with the Soul, it’s no longer active, but it’s still thinking actively, so the Dual - or Split - I is once more accompanied by its Unitary Idea.

On the Inside, the I is psychical and ideational (141)



So while the I behaves as Two with Body and Soul, it thinks itself as One in the Mind.

And this is the Final Scale (142)



However, this is only the Human Scale.

The Animal Scale looks different.

The Animal I hasn’t fully transcended its Dual Nature, and therefore it’s still drawing its Idea from Body and Soul (as opposed to the Human I drawing its Idea from the Mind).

Therefore the Animal’s Idea is subject to the Exclusion of Body and Soul in the I.

Either the Animal I thinks itself with the Body, it’s only drawing the Mental Activity, i.e. Thinking, and at that point, it’s no longer drawing the Mental Passivity, i.e. Thought.

The Thinking Animal is no longer thought.

Or the Animal I thinks itself with the Soul, it’s now drawing the Mental Product, i.e. Thought, and no longer the Mental Process, i.e. Thinking.

The Thought Animal is no longer thinking.

On the Outside, the Animal I is physiological and thinking (143)



While it’s thinking, the Animal I is not thought, and it doesn’t possess Thought.

On the Inside, the Animal I is psychical and thought (144)



While it’s thought, the Animal I is not thinking, and it lacks the thinking Subject.

In both cases, the Animal I is not ideational.

The ideational Subject and the ideational Object do not coexist in the Animal Mind.

The Animal is either a Thinking Subject or a Thought Object.

Only Man is both a Thinking Subject and a Thought Object.

Showing that the Animal Consciousness is split.

The Animal I thinks itself as Two.

Only the Human I thinks itself as One.

This allows us to reproduce the full Evolution of the I. The I evolves from being Two (Soul-Body-I) to being One (Mind I). The primitive I only posseses the outer areas of the Scale (145).

The early I behaves strongly with the Poles, i.e. actively with the Body and passively with the Soul, and between both states it jumps back and forth. First, the I occupies the Body in Space, then it occupies the Soul in Mode, and those two parts of the I do not know of each other. The more the I evolves, the more it’s transcending its Dual Nature, that way producing the Mind. The mind accompanies the evolving I, but it’s split, so it’s either thinking with the Body, or thought with the Soul. The Thinking Animal doesn’t recognize itself as the Thought Object (there is no Thought in the Animal’s Thinking), and the Thought Animal is not recognized by itself as the Thinking Subject (there is no Thinking in the Animal’s Thought). The evolving I reaches the inner areas of the Scale (146).

The I now jumps between a rather conscious Being on the Inside and a rather conscious Becoming on the Outside, and yet the two ideational parts don’t coexist, so that the I doesn’t recognize itself. Finally, the Animal fully transcends its Dual Nature, it makes the Mind Absolute Thinking and Thought can at last unite, and they do so in the Unitary Idea (147).

Only the Human I thinks itself as One in the Mind, the Animals thinks itself as Two with Body and Soul.